Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II), 8 June 1977.
Preamble
The High Contracting Parties, Recalling that the humanitarian principles
enshrined in Article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949,
constitute the foundation of respect for the human person in cases of armed
conflict not of an international character,
Recalling furthermore that international instruments relating to human rights
offer a basic protection to the human person,
Emphasizing the need to ensure a better protection for the victims of those
armed conflicts,
Recalling that, in cases not covered by the law in force, the human person
remains under the protection of the principles of humanity and the dictates or
the public conscience,
Have agreed on the following:
Part I. Scope of this Protocol
Art 1. Material field of application
1. This Protocol, which develops and supplements Article 3 common to the
Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 without modifying its existing conditions
or application, shall apply to all armed conflicts which are not covered by
Article 1 of the Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August
1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts
(Protocol I) and which take place in the territory of a High Contracting Party
between its armed forces and dissident armed forces or other organized armed
groups which, under responsible command, exercise such control over a part of
its territory as to enable them to carry out sustained and concerted military
operations and to implement this Protocol.
2. This Protocol shall not apply to situations of internal disturbances and
tensions, such as riots, isolated and sporadic acts of violence and other acts of
a similar nature, as not being armed conflicts.
Art 2. Personal field of application
1. This Protocol shall be applied without any adverse distinction founded on
race, colour, sex, language, religion or belief, political or other opinion,
national or social origin, wealth, birth or other status, or on any other similar
criteria (hereinafter referred to as "adverse distinction") to all persons affected
by an armed conflict as defined in Article 1.
2. At the end of the armed conflict, all the persons who have been deprived of
their liberty or whose liberty has been restricted for reasons related to such
conflict, as well as those deprived of their liberty or whose liberty is restricted
after the conflict for the same reasons, shall enjoy the protection of Articles 5
and 6 until the end of such deprivation or restriction of liberty.
Art 3. Non-intervention
1. Nothing in this Protocol shall be invoked for the purpose of affecting the
sovereignty of a State or the responsibility of the government, by all legitimate
means, to maintain or re-establish law and order in the State or to defend the
national unity and territorial integrity of the State.
2. Nothing in this Protocol shall be invoked as a justification for intervening,
directly or indirectly, for any reason whatever, in the armed conflict or in the
internal or external affairs of the High Contracting Party in the territory of
which that conflict occurs.
Part II. Humane Treatment
Art 4 Fundamental guarantees
1. All persons who do not take a direct part or who have ceased to take part in
hostilities, whether or not their liberty has been restricted, are entitled to
respect for their person, honour and convictions and religious practices. They
shall in all circumstances be treated humanely, without any adverse
distinction. It is prohibited to order that there shall be no survivors.
2. Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, the following acts
against the persons referred to in paragraph I are and shall remain prohibited
at any time and in any place whatsoever:
(a) violence to the life, health and physical or mental well-being of persons, in
particular murder as well as cruel treatment such as torture, mutilation or any
form of corporal punishment;
(b) collective punishments;
(c) taking of hostages;
(d) acts of terrorism;
(e) outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading
treatment, rape, enforced prostitution and any form or indecent assault;
(f) slavery and the slave trade in all their forms;
(g) pillage;
(h) threats to commit any or the foregoing acts.
3. Children shall be provided with the care and aid they require, and in
particular:
(a) they shall receive an education, including religious and moral education, in
keeping with the wishes of their parents, or in the absence of parents, of those
responsible for their care;
(b) all appropriate steps shall be taken to facilitate the reunion of families
temporarily separated;
(c) children who have not attained the age of fifteen years shall neither be
recruited in the armed forces or groups nor allowed to take part in hostilities;
(d) the special protection provided by this Article to children who have not
attained the age of fifteen years shall remain applicable to them if they take a
direct part in hostilities despite the provisions of subparagraph (c) and are
captured;
(e) measures shall be taken, if necessary, and whenever possible with the
consent of their parents or persons who by law or custom are primarily
responsible for their care, to remove children temporarily from the area in
which hostilities are taking place to a safer area within the country and ensure
that they are accompanied by persons responsible for their safety and wellbeing.
Art 5. Persons whose liberty has been restricted
1. In addition to the provisions of Article 4 the following provisions shall be
respected as a minimum with regard to persons deprived of their liberty for
reasons related to the armed conflict, whether they are interned or detained;
(a) the wounded and the sick shall be treated in accordance with Article 7;
(b) the persons referred to in this paragraph shall, to the same extent as the
local civilian population, be provided with food and drinking water and be
afforded safeguards as regards health and hygiene and protection against the
rigours of the climate and the dangers of the armed conflict;
(c) they shall be allowed to receive individual or collective relief;
(d) they shall be allowed to practise their religion and, if requested and
appropriate, to receive spiritual assistance from persons, such as chaplains,
performing religious functions;
(e) they shall, if made to work, have the benefit of working conditions and
safeguards similar to those enjoyed by the local civilian population.
2. Those who are responsible for the internment or detention of the persons
referred to in paragraph 1 shall also, within the limits of their capabilities,
respect the following provisions relating to such persons:
(a) except when men and women of a family are accommodated together,
women shall be held in quarters separated from those of men and shall be
under the immediate supervision of women;
(b) they shall be allowed to send and receive letters and cards, the number of
which may be limited by competent authority if it deems necessary;
(c) places of internment and detention shall not be located close to the combat
zone. The persons referred to in paragraph 1 shall be evacuated when the
places where they are interned or detained become particularly exposed to
danger arising out of the armed conflict, if their evacuation can be carried out
under adequate conditions of safety;
(d) they shall have the benefit of medical examinations;
(e) their physical or mental health and integrity shall not be endangered by any
unjustified act or omission. Accordingly, it is prohibited to subject the persons
described in this Article to any medical procedure which is not indicated by the
state of health of the person concerned, and which is not consistent with the
generally accepted medical standards applied to free persons under similar
medical circumstances.
3. Persons who are not covered by paragraph 1 but whose liberty has been
restricted in any way whatsoever for reasons related to the armed conflict shall
be treated humanely in accordance with Article 4 and with paragraphs 1 (a),
(c) and (d), and 2 (b) of this Article.
4. If it is decided to release persons deprived of their liberty, necessary
measures to ensure their safety shall be taken by those so deciding.
Art 6. Penal prosecutions
1. This Article applies to the prosecution and punishment of criminal offences
related to the armed conflict.
2. No sentence shall be passed and no penalty shall be executed on a person
found guilty of an offence except pursuant to a conviction pronounced by a
court offering the essential guarantees of independence and impartiality.
In particular:
(a) the procedure shall provide for an accused to be informed without delay of
the particulars of the offence alleged against him and shall afford the accused
before and during his trial all necessary rights and means of defence;
(b) no one shall be convicted of an offence except on the basis of individual
penal responsibility;
(c) no one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on account of any act or
omission which did not constitute a criminal offence, under the law, at the
time when it was committed; nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than that
which was applicable at the time when the criminal offence was committed; if,
after the commission of the offence, provision is made by law for the
imposition of a lighter penalty, the offender shall benefit thereby;
(d) anyone charged with an offence is presumed innocent until proved guilty
according to law;
(e) anyone charged with an offence shall have the right to be tried in his
presence;
(f) no one shall be compelled to testify against himself or to confess guilt.
3. A convicted person shall be advised on conviction of his judicial and other
remedies and of the time-limits within which they may be exercised.
4. The death penalty shall not be pronounced on persons who were under the
age of eighteen years at the time of the offence and shall not be carried out on
pregnant women or mothers of young children.
5. At the end of hostilities, the authorities in power shall endeavour to grant
the broadest possible amnesty to persons who have participated in the armed
conflict, or those deprived of their liberty for reasons related to the armed
conflict, whether they are interned or detained.
Part III. Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked
Art 7. Protection and care
1. All the wounded, sick and shipwrecked, whether or not they have taken part
in the armed conflict, shall be respected and protected.
2. In all circumstances they shall be treated humanely and shall receive to the
fullest extent practicable and with the least possible delay, the medical care
and attention required by their condition. There shall be no distinction among
them founded on any grounds other than medical ones.
Art 8. Search
Whenever circumstances permit and particularly after an engagement, all
possible measures shall be taken, without delay, to search for and collect the
wounded, sick and shipwrecked, to protect them against pillage and illtreatment,
to ensure their adequate care, and to search for the dead, prevent
their being despoiled, and decently dispose of them.
Art 9. Protection of medical and religious personnel
1. Medical and religious personnel shall be respected and protected and shall
be granted all available help for the performance of their duties. They shall not
be compelled to carry out tasks which are not compatible with their
humanitarian mission.
2. In the performance of their duties medical personnel may not be required to
give priority to any person except on medical grounds.
Art 10. General protection of medical duties
1. Under no circumstances shall any person be punished for having carried out
medical activities compatible with medical ethics, regardless of the person
benefiting therefrom.
2. Persons engaged in medical activities shall neither be compelled to perform
acts or to carry out work contrary to, nor be compelled to refrain from acts
required by, the rules of medical ethics or other rules designed for the benefit
of the wounded and sick, or this Protocol.
3. The professional obligations of persons engaged in medical activities
regarding information which they may acquire concerning the wounded and
sick under their care shall, subject to national law, be respected.
4. Subject to national law, no person engaged in medical activities may be
penalized in any way for refusing or failing to give information concerning the
wounded and sick who are, or who have been, under his care.
Art 11. Protection of medical units and transports
1. Medical units and transports shall be respected and protected at all times
and shall not be the object of attack.
2. The protection to which medical units and transports are entitled shall not
cease unless they are used to commit hostile acts, outside their humanitarian
function. Protection may, however, cease only after a warning has been given,
setting, whenever appropriate, a reasonable time-limit, and after such warning
has remained unheeded.
Art 12. The distinctive emblem
Under the direction of the competent authority concerned, the distinctive
emblem of the red cross, red crescent or red lion and sun on a white ground
shall be displayed by medical and religious personnel and medical units, and on
medical transports. It shall be respected in all circumstances. It shall not be
used improperly.
Part IV. Civilian Population
Art 13. Protection of the civilian population
1. The civilian population and individual civilians shall enjoy general protection
against the dangers arising from military operations. To give effect to this
protection, the following rules shall be observed in all circumstances.
2. The civilian population as such, as well as individual civilians, shall not be
the object of attack. Acts or threats of violence the primary purpose of which
is to spread terror among the civilian population are prohibited.
3. Civilians shall enjoy the protection afforded by this part, unless and for such
time as they take a direct part in hostilities.
Art 14. Protection of objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian
population
Starvation of civilians as a method of combat is prohibited. It is therefore
prohibited to attack, destroy, remove or render useless for that purpose,
objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population such as food
stuffs, agricultural areas for the production of food-stuffs, crops, livestock,
drinking water installations and supplies and irrigation works.
Art 15. Protection of works and installations containing dangerous forces
Works or installations containing dangerous forces, namely dams, dykes and
nuclear electrical generating stations, shall not be made the object of attack,
even where these objects are military objectives, if such attack may cause the
release of dangerous forces and consequent severe losses among the civilian
population.
Art 16. Protection of cultural objects and of places of worship
Without prejudice to the provisions of the Hague Convention for the Protection
of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict of 14 May 1954, it is
prohibited to commit any acts of hostility directed against historic monuments,
works of art or places of worship which constitute the cultural or spiritual
heritage of peoples, and to use them in support of the military effort.
Art 17. Prohibition of forced movement of civilians
1. The displacement of the civilian population shall not be ordered for reasons
related to the conflict unless the security of the civilians involved or
imperative military reasons so demand. Should such displacements have to be
carried out, all possible measures shall be taken in order that the civilian
population may be received under satisfactory conditions of shelter, hygiene,
health, safety and nutrition.
2. Civilians shall not be compelled to leave their own territory for reasons
connected with the conflict.
Art 18. Relief societies and relief actions
1. Relief societies located in the territory of the High Contracting Party, such
as Red Cross (Red Crescent, Red Lion and Sun) organizations may offer their
services for the performance of their traditional functions in relation to the
victims of the armed conflict. The civilian population may, even on its own
initiative, offer to collect and care for the wounded, sick and shipwrecked.
2. If the civilian population is suffering undue hardship owing to a lack of the
supplies essential for its survival, such as food-stuffs and medical supplies,
relief actions for the civilian population which are of an exclusively
humanitarian and impartial nature and which are conducted without any
adverse distinction shall be undertaken subject to the consent of the High
Contracting Party concerned.
Part V. Final Provisions
Art 19. Dissemination
This Protocol shall be disseminated as widely as possible.
Art 20. Signature
This Protocol shall be open for signature by the Parties to the Conventions six
months after the signing of the Final Act and will remain open for a period of
twelve months.
Art 21. Ratification
This Protocol shall be ratified as soon as possible. The instruments of
ratification shall be deposited with the Swiss Federal Council, depositary of the
Conventions.
Art 22. Accession
This Protocol shall be open for accession by any Party to the Conventions which
has not signed it. The instruments of accession shall be deposited with the
depositary.
Art 23. Entry into force
1. This Protocol shall enter into force six months after two instruments of
ratification or accession have been deposited.
2. For each Party to the Conventions thereafter ratifying or acceding to this
Protocol, it shall enter into force six months after the deposit by such Party of
its instrument of ratification or accession.
Art 24. Amendment
1. Any High Contracting Party may propose amendments to this Protocol. The
text of any proposed amendment shall be communicated to the depositary
which shall decide, after consultation with all the High Contracting Parties and
the International Committee of the Red Cross, whether a conference should be
convened to consider the proposed amendment.
2. The depositary shall invite to that conference all the High Contracting
Parties as well as the Parties to the Conventions, whether or not they are
signatories of this Protocol.
Art 25. Denunciation
1. In case a High Contracting Party should denounce this Protocol, the
denunciation shall only take effect six months after receipt of the instrument
of denunciation. If, however, on the expiry of six months, the denouncing Party
is engaged in the situation referred to in Article 1, the denunciation shall not
take effect before the end of the armed conflict. Persons who have been
deprived of liberty, or whose liberty has been restricted, for reasons related to
the conflict shall nevertheless continue to benefit from the provisions of this
Protocol until their final release.
2. The denunciation shall be notified in writing to the depositary, which shall
transmit it to all the High Contracting Parties.
Art 26. Notifications
The depositary shall inform the High Contracting Parties as well as the Parties
to the Conventions, whether or not they are signatories of this Protocol, of:
(a) signatures affixed to this Protocol and the deposit of instruments of
ratification and accession under Articles 21 and 22;
(b) the date of entry into force of this Protocol under Article 23; and
(c) communications and declarations received under Article 24.
Art 27. Registration
1. After its entry into force, this Protocol shall be transmitted by the
depositary to the Secretariat of the United Nations for registration and
publication, in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United
Nations.
2. The depositary shall also inform the Secretariat of the United Nations of all
ratifications, accessions and denunciations received by it with respect to this
Protocol.
Art 28. - Authentic texts
The original of this Protocol, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French,
Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic shall be deposited with the
depositary, which shall transmit certified true copies thereof to all the Parties
to the Conventions.
ELSAM.or.id - Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II), 8 June 1977.
Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12
August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of
Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II), 8 June
1977.
August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of
Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II), 8 June
1977.
Preamble
The High Contracting Parties, Recalling that the humanitarian principles
enshrined in Article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949,
constitute the foundation of respect for the human person in cases of armed
conflict not of an international character,
Recalling furthermore that international instruments relating to human rights
offer a basic protection to the human person,
Emphasizing the need to ensure a better protection for the victims of those
armed conflicts,
Recalling that, in cases not covered by the law in force, the human person
remains under the protection of the principles of humanity and the dictates or
the public conscience,
Have agreed on the following:
Part I. Scope of this Protocol
Art 1. Material field of application
1. This Protocol, which develops and supplements Article 3 common to the
Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 without modifying its existing conditions
or application, shall apply to all armed conflicts which are not covered by
Article 1 of the Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August
1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts
(Protocol I) and which take place in the territory of a High Contracting Party
between its armed forces and dissident armed forces or other organized armed
groups which, under responsible command, exercise such control over a part of
its territory as to enable them to carry out sustained and concerted military
operations and to implement this Protocol.
2. This Protocol shall not apply to situations of internal disturbances and
tensions, such as riots, isolated and sporadic acts of violence and other acts of
a similar nature, as not being armed conflicts.
Art 2. Personal field of application
1. This Protocol shall be applied without any adverse distinction founded on
race, colour, sex, language, religion or belief, political or other opinion,
national or social origin, wealth, birth or other status, or on any other similar
criteria (hereinafter referred to as "adverse distinction") to all persons affected
by an armed conflict as defined in Article 1.
2. At the end of the armed conflict, all the persons who have been deprived of
their liberty or whose liberty has been restricted for reasons related to such
conflict, as well as those deprived of their liberty or whose liberty is restricted
after the conflict for the same reasons, shall enjoy the protection of Articles 5
and 6 until the end of such deprivation or restriction of liberty.
Art 3. Non-intervention
1. Nothing in this Protocol shall be invoked for the purpose of affecting the
sovereignty of a State or the responsibility of the government, by all legitimate
means, to maintain or re-establish law and order in the State or to defend the
national unity and territorial integrity of the State.
2. Nothing in this Protocol shall be invoked as a justification for intervening,
directly or indirectly, for any reason whatever, in the armed conflict or in the
internal or external affairs of the High Contracting Party in the territory of
which that conflict occurs.
Part II. Humane Treatment
Art 4 Fundamental guarantees
1. All persons who do not take a direct part or who have ceased to take part in
hostilities, whether or not their liberty has been restricted, are entitled to
respect for their person, honour and convictions and religious practices. They
shall in all circumstances be treated humanely, without any adverse
distinction. It is prohibited to order that there shall be no survivors.
2. Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, the following acts
against the persons referred to in paragraph I are and shall remain prohibited
at any time and in any place whatsoever:
(a) violence to the life, health and physical or mental well-being of persons, in
particular murder as well as cruel treatment such as torture, mutilation or any
form of corporal punishment;
(b) collective punishments;
(c) taking of hostages;
(d) acts of terrorism;
(e) outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading
treatment, rape, enforced prostitution and any form or indecent assault;
(f) slavery and the slave trade in all their forms;
(g) pillage;
(h) threats to commit any or the foregoing acts.
3. Children shall be provided with the care and aid they require, and in
particular:
(a) they shall receive an education, including religious and moral education, in
keeping with the wishes of their parents, or in the absence of parents, of those
responsible for their care;
(b) all appropriate steps shall be taken to facilitate the reunion of families
temporarily separated;
(c) children who have not attained the age of fifteen years shall neither be
recruited in the armed forces or groups nor allowed to take part in hostilities;
(d) the special protection provided by this Article to children who have not
attained the age of fifteen years shall remain applicable to them if they take a
direct part in hostilities despite the provisions of subparagraph (c) and are
captured;
(e) measures shall be taken, if necessary, and whenever possible with the
consent of their parents or persons who by law or custom are primarily
responsible for their care, to remove children temporarily from the area in
which hostilities are taking place to a safer area within the country and ensure
that they are accompanied by persons responsible for their safety and wellbeing.
Art 5. Persons whose liberty has been restricted
1. In addition to the provisions of Article 4 the following provisions shall be
respected as a minimum with regard to persons deprived of their liberty for
reasons related to the armed conflict, whether they are interned or detained;
(a) the wounded and the sick shall be treated in accordance with Article 7;
(b) the persons referred to in this paragraph shall, to the same extent as the
local civilian population, be provided with food and drinking water and be
afforded safeguards as regards health and hygiene and protection against the
rigours of the climate and the dangers of the armed conflict;
(c) they shall be allowed to receive individual or collective relief;
(d) they shall be allowed to practise their religion and, if requested and
appropriate, to receive spiritual assistance from persons, such as chaplains,
performing religious functions;
(e) they shall, if made to work, have the benefit of working conditions and
safeguards similar to those enjoyed by the local civilian population.
2. Those who are responsible for the internment or detention of the persons
referred to in paragraph 1 shall also, within the limits of their capabilities,
respect the following provisions relating to such persons:
(a) except when men and women of a family are accommodated together,
women shall be held in quarters separated from those of men and shall be
under the immediate supervision of women;
(b) they shall be allowed to send and receive letters and cards, the number of
which may be limited by competent authority if it deems necessary;
(c) places of internment and detention shall not be located close to the combat
zone. The persons referred to in paragraph 1 shall be evacuated when the
places where they are interned or detained become particularly exposed to
danger arising out of the armed conflict, if their evacuation can be carried out
under adequate conditions of safety;
(d) they shall have the benefit of medical examinations;
(e) their physical or mental health and integrity shall not be endangered by any
unjustified act or omission. Accordingly, it is prohibited to subject the persons
described in this Article to any medical procedure which is not indicated by the
state of health of the person concerned, and which is not consistent with the
generally accepted medical standards applied to free persons under similar
medical circumstances.
3. Persons who are not covered by paragraph 1 but whose liberty has been
restricted in any way whatsoever for reasons related to the armed conflict shall
be treated humanely in accordance with Article 4 and with paragraphs 1 (a),
(c) and (d), and 2 (b) of this Article.
4. If it is decided to release persons deprived of their liberty, necessary
measures to ensure their safety shall be taken by those so deciding.
Art 6. Penal prosecutions
1. This Article applies to the prosecution and punishment of criminal offences
related to the armed conflict.
2. No sentence shall be passed and no penalty shall be executed on a person
found guilty of an offence except pursuant to a conviction pronounced by a
court offering the essential guarantees of independence and impartiality.
In particular:
(a) the procedure shall provide for an accused to be informed without delay of
the particulars of the offence alleged against him and shall afford the accused
before and during his trial all necessary rights and means of defence;
(b) no one shall be convicted of an offence except on the basis of individual
penal responsibility;
(c) no one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on account of any act or
omission which did not constitute a criminal offence, under the law, at the
time when it was committed; nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than that
which was applicable at the time when the criminal offence was committed; if,
after the commission of the offence, provision is made by law for the
imposition of a lighter penalty, the offender shall benefit thereby;
(d) anyone charged with an offence is presumed innocent until proved guilty
according to law;
(e) anyone charged with an offence shall have the right to be tried in his
presence;
(f) no one shall be compelled to testify against himself or to confess guilt.
3. A convicted person shall be advised on conviction of his judicial and other
remedies and of the time-limits within which they may be exercised.
4. The death penalty shall not be pronounced on persons who were under the
age of eighteen years at the time of the offence and shall not be carried out on
pregnant women or mothers of young children.
5. At the end of hostilities, the authorities in power shall endeavour to grant
the broadest possible amnesty to persons who have participated in the armed
conflict, or those deprived of their liberty for reasons related to the armed
conflict, whether they are interned or detained.
Part III. Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked
Art 7. Protection and care
1. All the wounded, sick and shipwrecked, whether or not they have taken part
in the armed conflict, shall be respected and protected.
2. In all circumstances they shall be treated humanely and shall receive to the
fullest extent practicable and with the least possible delay, the medical care
and attention required by their condition. There shall be no distinction among
them founded on any grounds other than medical ones.
Art 8. Search
Whenever circumstances permit and particularly after an engagement, all
possible measures shall be taken, without delay, to search for and collect the
wounded, sick and shipwrecked, to protect them against pillage and illtreatment,
to ensure their adequate care, and to search for the dead, prevent
their being despoiled, and decently dispose of them.
Art 9. Protection of medical and religious personnel
1. Medical and religious personnel shall be respected and protected and shall
be granted all available help for the performance of their duties. They shall not
be compelled to carry out tasks which are not compatible with their
humanitarian mission.
2. In the performance of their duties medical personnel may not be required to
give priority to any person except on medical grounds.
Art 10. General protection of medical duties
1. Under no circumstances shall any person be punished for having carried out
medical activities compatible with medical ethics, regardless of the person
benefiting therefrom.
2. Persons engaged in medical activities shall neither be compelled to perform
acts or to carry out work contrary to, nor be compelled to refrain from acts
required by, the rules of medical ethics or other rules designed for the benefit
of the wounded and sick, or this Protocol.
3. The professional obligations of persons engaged in medical activities
regarding information which they may acquire concerning the wounded and
sick under their care shall, subject to national law, be respected.
4. Subject to national law, no person engaged in medical activities may be
penalized in any way for refusing or failing to give information concerning the
wounded and sick who are, or who have been, under his care.
Art 11. Protection of medical units and transports
1. Medical units and transports shall be respected and protected at all times
and shall not be the object of attack.
2. The protection to which medical units and transports are entitled shall not
cease unless they are used to commit hostile acts, outside their humanitarian
function. Protection may, however, cease only after a warning has been given,
setting, whenever appropriate, a reasonable time-limit, and after such warning
has remained unheeded.
Art 12. The distinctive emblem
Under the direction of the competent authority concerned, the distinctive
emblem of the red cross, red crescent or red lion and sun on a white ground
shall be displayed by medical and religious personnel and medical units, and on
medical transports. It shall be respected in all circumstances. It shall not be
used improperly.
Part IV. Civilian Population
Art 13. Protection of the civilian population
1. The civilian population and individual civilians shall enjoy general protection
against the dangers arising from military operations. To give effect to this
protection, the following rules shall be observed in all circumstances.
2. The civilian population as such, as well as individual civilians, shall not be
the object of attack. Acts or threats of violence the primary purpose of which
is to spread terror among the civilian population are prohibited.
3. Civilians shall enjoy the protection afforded by this part, unless and for such
time as they take a direct part in hostilities.
Art 14. Protection of objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian
population
Starvation of civilians as a method of combat is prohibited. It is therefore
prohibited to attack, destroy, remove or render useless for that purpose,
objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population such as food
stuffs, agricultural areas for the production of food-stuffs, crops, livestock,
drinking water installations and supplies and irrigation works.
Art 15. Protection of works and installations containing dangerous forces
Works or installations containing dangerous forces, namely dams, dykes and
nuclear electrical generating stations, shall not be made the object of attack,
even where these objects are military objectives, if such attack may cause the
release of dangerous forces and consequent severe losses among the civilian
population.
Art 16. Protection of cultural objects and of places of worship
Without prejudice to the provisions of the Hague Convention for the Protection
of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict of 14 May 1954, it is
prohibited to commit any acts of hostility directed against historic monuments,
works of art or places of worship which constitute the cultural or spiritual
heritage of peoples, and to use them in support of the military effort.
Art 17. Prohibition of forced movement of civilians
1. The displacement of the civilian population shall not be ordered for reasons
related to the conflict unless the security of the civilians involved or
imperative military reasons so demand. Should such displacements have to be
carried out, all possible measures shall be taken in order that the civilian
population may be received under satisfactory conditions of shelter, hygiene,
health, safety and nutrition.
2. Civilians shall not be compelled to leave their own territory for reasons
connected with the conflict.
Art 18. Relief societies and relief actions
1. Relief societies located in the territory of the High Contracting Party, such
as Red Cross (Red Crescent, Red Lion and Sun) organizations may offer their
services for the performance of their traditional functions in relation to the
victims of the armed conflict. The civilian population may, even on its own
initiative, offer to collect and care for the wounded, sick and shipwrecked.
2. If the civilian population is suffering undue hardship owing to a lack of the
supplies essential for its survival, such as food-stuffs and medical supplies,
relief actions for the civilian population which are of an exclusively
humanitarian and impartial nature and which are conducted without any
adverse distinction shall be undertaken subject to the consent of the High
Contracting Party concerned.
Part V. Final Provisions
Art 19. Dissemination
This Protocol shall be disseminated as widely as possible.
Art 20. Signature
This Protocol shall be open for signature by the Parties to the Conventions six
months after the signing of the Final Act and will remain open for a period of
twelve months.
Art 21. Ratification
This Protocol shall be ratified as soon as possible. The instruments of
ratification shall be deposited with the Swiss Federal Council, depositary of the
Conventions.
Art 22. Accession
This Protocol shall be open for accession by any Party to the Conventions which
has not signed it. The instruments of accession shall be deposited with the
depositary.
Art 23. Entry into force
1. This Protocol shall enter into force six months after two instruments of
ratification or accession have been deposited.
2. For each Party to the Conventions thereafter ratifying or acceding to this
Protocol, it shall enter into force six months after the deposit by such Party of
its instrument of ratification or accession.
Art 24. Amendment
1. Any High Contracting Party may propose amendments to this Protocol. The
text of any proposed amendment shall be communicated to the depositary
which shall decide, after consultation with all the High Contracting Parties and
the International Committee of the Red Cross, whether a conference should be
convened to consider the proposed amendment.
2. The depositary shall invite to that conference all the High Contracting
Parties as well as the Parties to the Conventions, whether or not they are
signatories of this Protocol.
Art 25. Denunciation
1. In case a High Contracting Party should denounce this Protocol, the
denunciation shall only take effect six months after receipt of the instrument
of denunciation. If, however, on the expiry of six months, the denouncing Party
is engaged in the situation referred to in Article 1, the denunciation shall not
take effect before the end of the armed conflict. Persons who have been
deprived of liberty, or whose liberty has been restricted, for reasons related to
the conflict shall nevertheless continue to benefit from the provisions of this
Protocol until their final release.
2. The denunciation shall be notified in writing to the depositary, which shall
transmit it to all the High Contracting Parties.
Art 26. Notifications
The depositary shall inform the High Contracting Parties as well as the Parties
to the Conventions, whether or not they are signatories of this Protocol, of:
(a) signatures affixed to this Protocol and the deposit of instruments of
ratification and accession under Articles 21 and 22;
(b) the date of entry into force of this Protocol under Article 23; and
(c) communications and declarations received under Article 24.
Art 27. Registration
1. After its entry into force, this Protocol shall be transmitted by the
depositary to the Secretariat of the United Nations for registration and
publication, in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United
Nations.
2. The depositary shall also inform the Secretariat of the United Nations of all
ratifications, accessions and denunciations received by it with respect to this
Protocol.
Art 28. - Authentic texts
The original of this Protocol, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French,
Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic shall be deposited with the
depositary, which shall transmit certified true copies thereof to all the Parties
to the Conventions.
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Related Articles:
- Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977. 29 Jan 2010
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